Obligations Kin Have Toward One Another

1. â€Å"The social and cultural system in which we live in determines who we define as kin.† Describe the a) economic; b) political/power, c) moral obligations kin have toward one another in this society. Since the Trobriand society follows a strict belief in matrilineage, the relationship between the mother and her family as well as the father and his family is very important. Economically, the status of a person in the family, would often determine how many items he receives, and/or gives during a marriage, death and important events such as gardening that continues throughout the years. Depending on the individual’s rank in society, the services one receives at different occasions are fit to their rank. A chief for example, at death would receive the highest mourning ritual of all. This consists of both his matrilineal relatives – â€Å"owners† and those connected through marriage or patrilineage, are the â€Å"workers†, performing duties in honor of their deceased relative. Birth, for Trobrianders links the infant with a dead matrilineal ancestor, in this way the new generations play an active role in keeping the connection between the past and the future of the family. A father’s matrlineage plays a key role in the child’s status as well; the father is responsible for providing gifts for the child that will establish that child’s acceptance into the society. These roles are moral obligations of the different members of the family and very often establishments that family’s power. The power of yams in this society plays a very important economical as well as social part in the lives of kin. A man’s yam house is a representation of that man’s wealth, as well as another man’s fine gardening skills and a woman’s status, since she is the title owner of the yams. Often, yams are used as a symbol of wealth at harvest festivals where women compete for the wealth title by bringing in yams. The higher the title, the more praise and honor goes to that woman’s matrilineage. In marriage, people from the bride’s side of the family bring gifts of yams to the groom’s relatives; later they are awarded with valuables depending on the generosity of the yam giving. Therefore, yams and valuable items such as stone axe-blades often serve in economical exchanges that define the relationships and status of the givers and receivers in the society. 2.Describe how the sexual division of labor/ specialization occurs in this society. Include an analysis of how this is related to their concepts of â€Å"male† and â€Å"female†. Women in the society of the Trobrianders play a key role. They provide the needed amount of banana leaf bundles and skirts during the death of a relative, and yams when the reputation of the family is at stake. The female is the one that supposedly determines a child’s identity when the spirit of an infant is sent to enter her body by her matrilineal ancestors. The woman’s yam supply comes into play with a need for her husband to purchase bundles. Though men are the ones that labor on the yam gardens and plant general gardens for the family’s food consumption, the woman receives the yams, as she is the one that holds the title. The man also plays a key role in his child’s acceptance into society he works to get his child important gifts such as Chama shells that symbolize the first important political step in a child’s life. While the man is the obvious breadwinner in society, servings as the gardener, the carver, the orator, the chief and so on, the woman is the nurturer of the home, the infant and the important family possessions such as yams, skirts and such. 3.â€Å"Society and culture are reproduced across the generations through socialization.† Explain how this occurs in this society. The Trobriand society is bound closely by their dependency on kin relations, fear of sorcery and a strong belief in their authority, the chief. The strong influence of a chief evaluates the presenting political state of the Trobrianders, they are unwilling to change as shown by experimenters such as those of John K. The society holds utmost respect for chiefs and does everything in their power to stay respectful and not anger the powerful sorcerers. This brings us to magic, which is both good and bad, the family spells are passed on from generation to generation, while the bad ones are feared and are often protected against. The currency of the society is mostly yams, since so many exchanges and rituals are performed with them. At death, birth, and marriage, the exchange of yams and other valuables serves as the connection between different kin and the alliances present are guarded with care. Hard work is valued high in the society, during marriage the man must show his bride that he is a hard worker and a loyal father, as this influences the way his child shall be viewed and accepted. Social values are passed on to children as they grow up and experiment with love and sexuality, yet as soon as marriage is declared, the couple must prove to their society that they are ready to become adults and uphold their families. 4. Assess how this society’s religious belief system and practices, and moral standards are used to promote, maintain, and perpetuate: a) power and authority, b) social organization and control; c) economic exchange and reciprocity. Include the function of myths and symbols in your comments. The Trobriand society belief in power and authority is embedded in their chiefdom. The respect given to a chief is out of both respect and fear. It is known throughout the society that the chief knows powerful spells and if one were to disrespect or anger him, the consequences could be deadly and last for generations to come. Superiority of the chief is demonstrated during a kayasa or yam competition, which allows for new political allies and noticeable displays of power. The passing of the chief and all the mourning rituals and traditions that follow, show the status of that chief and his value in the society, as well as his ability to have more than one wife. Social organization and control are instilled in family relationships and their ties to other families through marriage. Both matrilineal ties and clan ties are important to the society so that families, their possessions and beliefs and status are passed on from generation to generation. Some key beliefs such as spells that can be cast upon others, result in things such as post mourning exchanges and the lessons to children of not accepting food from strangers. It is believed that death before old age is the result of sorcery therefore traditions uphold that protection spells are learned and gifts to family members are given to rid oneself from possible accusations. Economic exchange becomes highly important during marriage as gifts are given back and forth from the bride’s family to the groom’s. The importance of the groom’s mother cooking during the first year of the marriage is also key as it shows the deep interdependence of kin in the society. Example such as yam gardens, which are built by bride’s brothers and fathers, show the deep relations that both sides of the family have to keep in order for the society to survive. 5. Establishing one’s identity is a complex mixture of many variables including a) ethnicity; b) gender; c) caste; d) class; e) race; f) sexuality; g) ritualized role/status changes; and h) age. How does each of these variables factor into establishing one’s identity in this culture? The Trobriand society has many variables that define one’s identity in the society. Ethnicity and race of the Trobrianders is the same throughout the society, the only difference is the location of different villages on the island. Gender, divides the society into labor divisions and cultural roles. The men tend to yam gardens while the women make banana leaf skirts and participate in yam exchanges. Both work hard in their divisions to provide for a common goal of providing for their immediate and extended family. Class defines the amount of power and valuable possessions the individual has. A chief might have more several wives, while a fatherless child will be at a disadvantage of being looked down upon throughout its life. Sexuality often defines a young Trobriander on his or her way to adulthood, experimenting with different partners on a search for a mate to last them until death. Once, the couple is married talk of their sexuality is strictly forbidden and can be the biggest insult. Ritualized role and status changes have to include marriage and death. During marriage, a bride moves in with the husband and the husband’s mother cooks for them for an entire year as the couple eats together. Once the year has passed, the wife cooks for the husband for the rest of their marriage and the meals are eaten separately. In death, the spirit is believed to be sent to the island of Tuma, therefore many careful rituals are performed so that the spirit gets there safe and sound and that its continued life on the island shall be as good as the one it left. Age is a key determinant of the individual in the society. An infant enters the society in the hand of his parents, it is their role to make sure that it receives the proper care and gifts to be accepted into the society with class and status. Once an adolescent the individual is on a search for a mate, which brings him/her to the next state – adulthood. This is not defined by age but by marital status, from then on, the individual is an adult and their status is determined by family relations. Whether they are a mother, father, a grandparent, sibling and so on, determines their identity in this culture. 6. Even in societies that place a high value on egalitarianism, many forms of hierarchy and inequality are found. What types and kinds appear in this society? How are they perpetuated? Although the sport for fame is a fair game among the Trobrianders, several forms of inequality are noticed. For example, â€Å"The attainment of kula shells provides means to realize fame, but such fame must still be attached to a more elementary kind of immortality – that of lineage†(157) Meaning that a person with good negotiating skills can build fame into a permanent hierarchy, like the chief Vanoi, and establish power over other players. Inequality is also noted in the values of gender. Women for example, are no longer equal dance partners at Cricket matches, and dress in traditional finery as spectator (114). While men hold the higher positions in the society, the role of women overshadows the men in its importance. The â€Å"women draw on their husbands’ resources to make their own matrilineage strong.†(121) though the system is of checks and balances the women’s wealth controls the overall hierarchy of the society. In case of a death during the harvest year, yam competitions are replaced by competitions in women’s wealth, where the women â€Å"owners† are in control. Tradition and custom perpetuate the inequalities and the hierarchy of the Trobriand society, as the people are used to the numerous and complicated social and cultural exchanges that occur throughout the community. â€Å"Although the debt created through yams enables a man to become more dominant as a leader†¦.a man cannot fill his own yam house, he is always dependent on other men.†(122) 7.What is the relationship between a) marriage and residence; and b) property and descent in this society? Property for Trobrianders can be houses and yam supplies, special rare items or banana leaf bundles, etc. All these things are directly related to social relationship of the individuals in the society. Take a couple who eats yams together to announce their marriage, they are directly linking yams, which is property, to marriage. Same goes for the food that the groom’s mother provides for a year after marriage, and the exchange that occurs during the marriage. â€Å"In marriage exchanges, each person from the bride’s side who contributed to the first yam exchange receives a valuable when they are collected by the groom’s relatives.†(87) Yam competitions or the kayasa, are organized to â€Å"make friends† or in better words form relationships between men from another clan, in order to gain power. â€Å"Lovers, too are called, â€Å"good friends,† but only marriage stabilizes relationships between clans, shifting individual competition and seduction into permanent obligations.†(112) this intertwined web of social bonds between men in different lineages and clans, is affected by the cultural exchanges of valuables and the harvesting of yams. The preparation of bundles and skirts id dedicated to the women, while the harvesting and voyages and done by men. â€Å"Because a women and her husband receive yams from her brother every year, her husband must help her find bundles whenever someone dies who was a member of her matrilineage.†(120). Therefore, women’s wealth is intimately tied to yam production, and the exchanges between a woman, her husband, and her brother. The limited currency of bundles and yams, in the exchange relationship operates as a system of checks and balances. It is the woman’s job to feed on her husband’s resources to make her matrilineage look strong.

English Tort Law Essay

Answer: This question raises some issues from negligence. In order to answer this question it is necessary to know about negligence, duty of care, and breach of duty, causation and remoteness. But here the most important parts are employers’ liability, multiple liability or causation, and personal injury. Here the main findings will be Betty Bloke is an employee of these companies or not, she can sue for asbestos-related mesothelioma as a third person. Here the facts are Harry Bloke worked as a carpenter for thirty-five years, being employed by Right Ltd for ten years, then by Ruff Ltd for a further ten years and then by Shoddy plc for fifteen years. Right Ltd were shop fitters, Ruff Ltd produced asbestos prefabricated garages and Shoddy plc produced insulating panels for the building industry. In all of these jobs he was required to work with asbestos sheeting, which he usually had to cut to size either with hand saws or powered saws. Betty Bloke, Harry’s wife, always washed his work overalls every Saturday. She would shake them outside the back door to remove the dust before she put them in the washing machine. Betty has now been diagnosed with asbestos-related mesothelioma and is very ill. All three companies deny liability for her illness. Before attempt to discuss the potential liability of all three companies to Betty in negligence it is necessary to find the relationship between Betty and all three companies. Here it is not clear that Betty was an employee of these companies or not, though every Saturday remove the dust. In 1934 Lord Wright said in Lochgelly Iron and Coal Co v McMullan [1934], ‘In strict legal analysis, negligence means more than heedless or careless conduct, whether in omission or commission: it properly connotes the complex concept of duty, breach and damage thereby suffered by the person to whom the duty was owing.’ In Murphy v Brentwood District Council [1990], the House of Lords held that the council was not liable on the basis that the council could not owe a greater duty of care to the claimant than the builder. In doing so the court also overruled Anns and the two-part test, preferring instead a new three-part test suggested by Lords Keith, Oliver and Bridge in Caparo v Dickman [1990]. In order to impose liability on the employers, Betty has to established foresight, proximity and fairness and it is the current test. In Caparo industries v Dickman [1990], the shareholders in a company bought more shares and then made a successful takeover bid for the company after studying the audited accounts prepared by the defendants. They later regretted the move and sued the auditors claiming that they had relied on accounts, which had shown a sizeable surplus rather than the deficit that was in fact the case. The House of Lords held that the auditors owed no duty of care since company accounts are not prepared for the purposes of people taking over a company and cannot then be relied on by them for such purposes. Harry was an employee but the asbestos did not affect him. His wife suffered mesothelioma, so the current test has to show three things if there is to be a duty of care: 1) It was reasonably foreseeable that a person in the claimant’s position would be injured. Here for Betty Bloke, the risk was reasonably foreseeable as an employee but as a third party it is difficult to show. 2) There was sufficient proximity between the parties. Employers owed some duties to employees. 3) It is fair, just and reasonable to impose liability. After the Caparo test Betty may be satisfy three criteria. Then it will be a vital question that Employers breach any duty or not. The second problem is who has right to sue. Harry was an employee but he is not suffered any disease though it was obvious. If Harry sues on behalf of Betty then it will justify imposing liability to the employers. Here it will be discussed considering the relevant case laws. Bolton v. Stone test may be applicable to prove breach of duty. According to this test employers are not liable. As a general rule English law does not impose a duty, reasoning that the fault of X and not that of D. But exceptionally a duty may arise. Employers are vicariously liable for the negligent acts or omissions. Employers are also liable under the common law principle represented in the Latin phrase, â€Å"qui facit per alium facit per se†. So according to Home Office v Dorset Yacht [1970], and Lewis case it will be consider here. In Hotson v East Berkshire AHA [1987], a young boy suffered a fractured hip when he fell out of a tree. The hospital negligently failed to make a correct early diagnosis so that he later developed avuncular necrosis, a deformity of the even without the failure to diagnosis promptly. On this basis the trial judge, and later the Court of Appeal, awarded him 25 per cent of the damages they would consider appropriate for the loss of a chance of recovery. The trial judge commented that the hospital had translated the probability of the disability developing into a certainty by negligence in their failure to diagnosis. However, the House of Lords allowed the Health Authority’s appeal and would not consider the slim chance of recovery an issue of causation. In Blythe v Birmingham Waterworks [1856], the basic Rule is that the defendant must conform to the standard of care expected of a reasonable person. ‘Negligence is the omission to do something which a reasonable man guided upon those considerations which ordinary regulate the conduct of human affairs, would do, or doing something which a reasonable and prudent man would not do. Betty could get compensation by applying McGhee. In McGhee v National Coal Board [1973], here the claimant worked in a brick kiln where he was exposed to brick dust, a possible cause of the dermatitis that he in fact contracted. The Board was not liable for exposure during working hours. They were held liable for materially increasing the risk of the claimant contracting the disease because of their failure to provide washing facilities, even though it could not be shown that he could have avoided the disease if there had been facilities the reasoning of the court was that, since the employer was clearly negligent in failing to provide basic health and safety the burden should shift on to them to disproved the causal link. This type of test is clearly more advantageous to a claimant than the basic ‘but for’ test applied so rigidly in Hotson v East Berkshire AHA [1987]. To identify the employer’s liability suffered mesothelioma after exposure to asbestos dust of Betty Fairchild v Glenhaven Funeral Services Ltd and others is the most significant test. In the case of Fairchild v Glenhaven Funeral Services Ltd and others [2001], the claimants suffered mesothelioma after exposure to asbestos dust over many years working for a number of different employees. The medical evidence identified hat the inhaling of asbestos fibres was the cause of the disease. Nevertheless, it was impossible to identify in which particular employment the disease was actually contracted. The Court of Appeal accepted that medical evidence could not identify a single cause of the disease, which might be caused by contact with even single asbestos fibre, or may involve cumulative exposure to fibres. The Court of Appeal in fact rejected the claims. The HLs, accepted the expert evidence that it is scientifically uncertain whether inhaling a single fibre or inhalation of many fibres causes the disease. However, the HLs held that, because it is evident that the greater the exposure has a duty to take reasonable care to prevent employees from inhaling the dust. Besides this the House felt that any other cause of developing the diseases could be ignored in the case. On the basis that the claimants suffered the very injuries that the defendants supposed to guard against, the HLs were prepare to impose liability on all employers. The House chose to apply the ‘material risk’ test from McGhee. In doing so the house held that because all of the defendants had contributed to a risk of mesothelioma, then no distinction should be drown between the makings of a material risk of causing the disease and course of action that would materially increase the risk of the diseases. Because the Employers should only be liable for proportion of the damages then each employer should be liable to compensate its employee un full, even though the employee may have inhaled more asbestos fibres while working for another employee. As a result the Court held that the precise employer responsible could not be identified and so the claim should be rejected. It is impossible to say with certainty how the disease begins, but it is possible to identify that prolonged exposure worsens the risk. It seems then that The Court of Appeal applied Wilsher v Essex AHA [1986] inappropriately where McGhee v National Coal Board might have been more fairly applied in the circumstance. The House of Lords has in any case subsequently reversed The Court of Appeal decision. In Holtby v Brigham & Cowan (Hull) Ltd [2003], here the claimant had been exposed to asbestos dust for more then 40 years while working for different employers. When he contracted asbestosis he sued the defendants, for whom he had only worked for half of that time. The trial judge reduced damages by 25 per cent. The claimant appealed and tried to argue for application of the principle in McGhee, that once having established a material contribution by the defendants he was entitled to full damages. The Court of Appeal rejected his argument and upheld the trial judge’s award, even though 50 per cent deduction would have seemed more accurate. McGhee was distinguished. A majority of the House of Lords in Gregg v Scott [2005], reaffirmed the general approaches in Hotson’s case should be followed and declined to depart radically from its principles. In Wilsher v Essex AHA [1986] the House of Lords identified that the excess oxygen was just one of six possible causes of the condition and therefore it could not be said to fall squarely within the risk created by the defendants. The court would not impose liability on the defendant in this circumstance although this seems very unfair. The main purpose of the rules of causation is to exclude those thinks that are not the cause of the damage. If the same damage would have been suffered even if the there had been no breach of duty of care, then he claimant loses. The breach of duty of duty may initiate a whole chain of further events-but some of these will be treated as to ‘remote’ from the original negligence for it to be appropriate to hold the defendant answerable for those distant outcomes. The test of remoteness of damage in the tort of negligence was said to be whether the damage the direct consequence of the breach of duty. The defendant was not liable, if it was merely indirect, which ‘broke the chain of causation’. This test was particularly associated with the decision of the Court of Appeal in Re Polemis [1921]. In The Wagon Mound [1961], The Privy Council held that defendant would be liable only if it was the foreseeable consequence. From the above discussion, a number of points can be made, which will be consider that Betty get compensation or not. †¢ The judges in the House of Lords in Fairchild accepted that the sufferers of mesothelioma, while inevitably deserving of compensation, are unable to satisfy the normal tests for causation because they will invariably be unable to point to a single party who is responsible. †¢ The Court was prepared to accept the possibility of a claim for three connected reasons: Claimants in such actions were unable to satisfy for causation only because of the current state of medical knowledge on the disease, although there could be no doubt that exposure to the asbestos fibres in whatever volume was at the root of the disease. Defendant has to prove that their negligence could not be the actual cause rather then the claimants prove the precise cause. The employer’s duty of care would be meaningless, as they could almost never be made liable. †¢ The majority of the judges were therefore prepared to accept an exceptional principle of McGhee. †¢ The Court was not prepared to extend principle of McGhee to factual circumstance such as those in Wilsher. †¢ The House of Lords appear to have engaged in a policy decision in order to ensure that there is compensation for asbestos related diseases contracted in the course of employment. So there is a limited chance to get compensation according to applying Fairchild and McGhee. Then three employers will be liable and bear compensation fully. But if Court apply Hotson v East Berkshire AHA Betty or Harry does not get compensation. Bibliography: 1) Markesinis and Deakin, Tort Law, 5th Edition (2003), Clarendon Press-Oxford 2) John Murphy, Street on Torts, 11th Edition (2003), LexisNexistm UK, 3) Chris Turner Unlocking Torts, 1st Edition (2004), Hodder & Stoughton 4) I. M Yeats & P. Giliker, Law of Tort, (2006), University of London

Easy Credit Conditions And Growth Of Housing Bubbles Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1796 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Based on economist view, there are many reasons for economic crisis happened in 2008. Most economists believe that it happening in the United States. From 1997 to 2006, people buy very pricey houses even though they did not have enough money. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Easy Credit Conditions And Growth Of Housing Bubbles Finance Essay" essay for you Create order But because of the money upcoming in to the U.S. from other countries, it was easy to have good credit. People used this credit for pricey home loans so this formed a housing bubble, which made the price of houses increase more. Because they had a lot of money, the loaning companies made it easier to get a loan. So, it arouse many people to get home loans that they cannot pay for and this is called as subprime loans. in this time, many homeowners refinanced their home. This say that their mortgage  was transformed so that they had lower interest.   After they refinanced, homeowners could take out another mortgage to use as expenses. The loaning companies changed their loans so that they had low interest at first, which would boost the interest later. This is called amendable rate mortgage. in addition, the companies did this to try to talk into more people to take loans. Many people with subprime loans also took these amendable rate mortgages, eager that the good price of home can help them refinance soon. While the housing prices were still high, many America and European companies, as well as banks, inverted in subprime loans. These investments gave more money to the loaning companies, who used it to give out more subprime loans. These investments would make a lot of money as long as the price of housing was high. housing require model taking into concern the price uncertainty, bequest motives, and resale of housing.. while this happened, many people were paying more money than their home were worth, it is measured as negative equity. About 8.8 million homeowners in the U.S. had 0 or pessimistic equity by March 2008. This caused the number offer closures on homes to increase, significance that many people lost their homes. in 2007, almost 1.3 million U.S. homes can be foreclosed on. The amount of houses for sale continued to boost, which made the prices turn down. The homeowners with subprime loans left their houses with less value than they had when they were buy, which meant that the loans were worth more money than the house. This meant that the loaning companies were not able to make money from these houses. 2.1 Growth of the housing bubble People who had increased their wealth significantly with the unusual run-up of stock price were spend based on this increased assets. The stock-wealth induced expenditure thrive led people to buy bigger or better homes, since they found to splurge some of their new stock means on accommodation. in addition, the housing bubble was the supply-side effect of the dramatic increase in house prices, as housing starts rose significantly. The bubble start to burst in 2007, as the building thrive led to so much over-supply that prices could no longer be supported. Prices countrywide began to head downhill, with this process accelerating through late 2007 and into 2008. As prices turn down, more homeowners face  foreclosure. This increase in foreclosures is in part voluntary and in part involuntary. It can be involuntary, since there are cases where people who would like to keep their homes, who would borrow against equity if they could not pay their monthly mortgage costs. When falling house prices destroy equity, they abolish this option. Besides, the voluntary foreclosures take place when people grasp that they owe more than the value of their home, and decide that paying off their mortgage is in result a bad deal. In cases where a home is valued far lower than the amount of the outstanding mortgage, homeowners may be able to simply walk away from their mortgage. 2.2 Easy Credit Conditions Some of the most sophisticated people hesitation a link between user shield and any macroeconomic outcomes.   In the analysis of consumer protection is microeconomics and quite different from macroeconomic issue such as the hurry and environment of our economic recovery. legitimately calculated interest rates are down from their height  in the Great Panic of 2008-2009 and the financial markets, roughly defined, continue to steady.   On credit cards, its getting more pricey to have a loan of, mostly because new fees and charge are appearing. The borrowers have the right to alter the terms on which they  offer credit.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  We may just note that this  narrowing of credit does not help the recovery and flies in the face of everything the Fed is trying to do even though it fits with Treasurys broader strategy of allowing banks to recapitalize themselves at the expense of customers.  additionally, The financial rigid system is a tragedy.  The Obama government should have called it by its proper name, planned to close it down entirely, and argued to replace it with a more incorporated and completely updated advance.  That at least would have moved the bargaining position of the regulators, so they would now be too busy trying to save their jobs to oppose Treasury on substance. 2.3 Sub-prime lending Based on the statement that sub-prime lending impulsive the crisis, some have argued that the Clinton management may be partly to blame, while others have obvious to the way of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act by the 106th Congress, and over-leveraging by  banks  and investors keen to achieve high returns on capital. Besides, others have pointed out that there were not enough of these loans made to cause a crisis of this range. In an article in Portfolio Magazine, Michael Lewis spoke with one trader who noted that There was not enough Americans with (bad) credit taking out loans to assure investors want for the end product. (Investment banks and evade funds) used (financial technology) to create more of them. They were creating them out of whole cloth. One hundred times over! Thats why the losses are so much greater than the loans.   2.4 Predatory Lending Subprime lending is not synonymous with predatory lending. Many subprime lenders and servicers ran sustainable, profitable businesses addressing the needs of a previously underserved client base. In addition, predatory lending can and does occur outside of the subprime market. But with an ample supply of funding from the secondary market and with high demand for home ownership, many subprime lenders targeted an ever-larger share of the home loan market. The industry grew rapidly and unsustainably, without the opportunity for adequate staff training or infrastructure development. Sophisticated technology increased the distance between lenders and their clients. In many instances, the result was a culture tolerating, perhaps even engendering, abusive policies toward borrowers. Predatory lending became an industry buzzword, and a regulatory target. The example of useful guideline predatory lending is any of number fraudulent, deceptive or unfavourable lending practices. Many of these practices are illegal, while others are legal but not in the interest of the borrowers. Furthermore, predatory lending is frequently associated with the poor study of borrowers ability to repay, violent marketing of high-risk, high-interest loans, à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  promotion of complicated loan products not easily understood by borrowers, collection of unrevealed charges and expensive fees and payment of unlawful kickbacks. In 2006 and 2007 the market began to feel the pinch of predatory lending (especially in the financially vulnerable subprime market) and the trend toward relaxed underwriting standards. Investors noticed increasing loan defaults, particularly in the vintage 2005 and 2006 loan pools. Many of the defaulting loans were underwritten with no income verification 5 and had reached their first payment adjustment date with borrowers now unable to afford. 2.5 Deregulation The economic recession of 2007 bring the subject of deregulation into brutal argue. Advocates of tighter rules claimed the presumption that financial markets will control themselves was debunked. It was said that free-market values had been subverted to a terrible level, and that as a result some banks were now too big to fail. This meant there were positive establishment whose financial liabilities were so grand that if they folded, the knock-on effects would be unfortunate for the rest of the business. However, some sources say that the blame for the financial crisis does not laze with deregulation and the contact of the recreation of the rules is flashy. The Heritage Foundation, in an October 2008 essay, wrote that on the different, some aspects of deregulation actually served to soothe markets. An example of this is after deregulation banks were certified to work in various states which, according to financial analysts, enables them to stabilise risks better since a dangerous trade or set of trades in one area can be offset by safer dealings in another. besides, other analysts also debate whether tighter financial regulations would have averted the crash. In a study by the Cato association, it is argue that a grouping of stress from political leaders and failure on the part of financial analysts to correctly guess market bubbles in real time means that deregulation of the system would not be a important contributory factor in any downturn. 2.6 Increased debt burden or over-leveraging The financial crisis of 2007-2009, like many prior financial crises, was responsible in part on excessive leverage. yet, the word is used in several different mind. customers in the United States and many other business countries lent huge amounts of money, $2.6 trillion in the United States alone. For most of this, leverage is a euphemism as the borrowing was used to maintain utilization rather than to lever anything. Only people who borrowed for asset, such as provisional house purchases or buying stocks, were using leverage in the financial logic. Financial institutions were very levered.  For example, Lehman Brothers in its last yearly financial statement, showed accounting leverage of 30.7 times ($691 billion in assets divided by $22 billion in stockholders equity)]. Bankruptcy inspector Anton Valukis resolute that the true accounting leverage was higher, so it had been understated due to doubtful accounting treatments including repo 105. Accounting leverage is the part frequently cited the press. Furthermore, Notional leverage is more than double as high, due to off-balance sheet dealings. At the end of 2007, Lehman had $738 billion of notional derivatives in addition to the assets above, plus momentous off-balance sheet exposures to special purpose entities, planned investment vehicles and conduits, plus various lending commitments, contractual payments and group obligations. On the other hand, almost half of Lehmans balance sheet consisted of closely offsetting positions and very low risk assets such as authoritarian deposits. The company emphasized net leverage which excluded these assets. On that basis, Lehman held $373 billion of net assets and a net leverage ratio of 16.1. This is not a harmonized calculation, but it probably corresponds more closely to what most people think of when they hear a power ratio.

Movie Analysis Movie Cyberbully - 1062 Words

For my developmental paper, I chose the movie Cyberbully. The movies main character is Taylor Hillridge who is a teenage girl who lives at home with her mother and younger brother. For her 17th birthday, her mother gives her a laptop. Shortly after, her crush, Scott, asks her to the school dance approaching and she says yes. Her best friend Samantha is happy for her, But Samantha doesn’t like Scott because her and his friend dated and she ended up getting dumped by him. Once Taylor joins a social website named Cliquesters, Things start to get difficult. Students at school started to write mean comments about her and she starts to have issues at school. While on social media, Taylor meets a new guy named James online and thinks he is just†¦show more content†¦Taylor finds out about what Samantha is going through this and tells her about her support group she’s in and forgives Samantha for everything, fixing their friendship. After everything, Taylor, Samantha, Cheyenne, Caleb, and Scott all stand up against the school bully Lindsay and Other classmates witnessing Taylor standing up and realize how bullying is terrible, and antagonize Lindsay for her abuse toward Taylor and whoever else she may have bullied. Most adults can remember being teased or bullied when they were younger. It may be regarded as a regular part of growing up, but research has shown that bullying has far-reaching negative effects on adolescents. This all-too-common experience can lead to serious problems for young people at a critical time in their development, including poor mental health and dropping out of school. Bullying can involve direct attacks, hitting, threatening or intimidating, maliciously teasing and taunting, name-calling, making sexual remarks, sexual assault, and stealing or damaging belongings. Bullying can also involve the subtler, indirect attacks of rumor-mongering or encouraging others to snub someone. New technology, such as text messaging, instant messaging, social networking websites, and the easy filming and online posting of videos, has introduced a new form of intimidation, cyberbullying, which is widespread on the Internet. The life stage portrayed in the movie Cyberbully is adolescence. The movie itself takesShow MoreRelatedImplementing Bullying Awareness Programs: A Bright Change for the Future1740 Words   |  7 Pagesto look that person in the eye, a cowardly action. Also, in cyberbullying it is usually done by more than one person. In the 2011 TV movie Cyberbully, seventeen year old Taylor Hillridge began to be cyberbullied by many students at her school after one began. Its usually done in groups of people, and has the ability to have serious consequences. Later in the movie, Taylor went on to attempt and take her own life because of the constant harassment and neglegance. Although this was not a true story

Racism in Our Society Essay - 1438 Words

The renowned French sociologist Emile Durkheim (1897/1951) asserted in his groundbreaking tome Suicide: A Study in Sociology, education â€Å"is only the image and reflection of society. It imitates and reproduces the latter in abbreviated form; it does not create it† (p. 372). The statements, therefore, of Nieto and Bode (2008) relative to the failure of our schools to provide all students regardless of their background or situation with equal and unbiased educational opportunities is an indictment of the society in which these schools exist. The ideals of the American democratic society are equal rights and equal opportunities for all people regardless of their creed, color, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, or gender. Unfortunately, we†¦show more content†¦Cultural racism is demonstrated by persons who hold that White cultural norms and values are superior to those of other cultures. This can be seen in many areas including emotional styles, linguistic expression, music, art, and religion (D’Andrea Daniels, 2007). Institutional racism, on the other hand, is the â€Å"collective failure of institutions to provide appropriate and professional services to people because of their color, culture, or ethnicity (Carmichael Hamilton, 1967 as cited in Gonzà ¡lez, 2007). Some of the educational manifestations of institutional racism include culturally-based testing, culturally biased curriculum, and lack of ethnic diversity in administration and faculty positions (D’Andrea Daniels, 2007). The vignette on Rashaud Kates illustrates cultural racism. Kates noted that, â€Å"There’s not really any stories [sic] or literature about African Americans in our school† (Nieto Bode, 2008, p. 104). He became discouraged with the literature he had to study because it did not reflect his culture, heritage, or historical experiences (Nieto Bode, 2008). Linda Howard’s story gives evidence of individual and institutional. She faced individuals who tried to force her into their molds of what she should be; they insisted that she was either Black or White (as the case may be) and then expected her to act in certain ways or be considered not authentically Black or White. She had to deal with the White woman at work whoShow MoreRelatedRacism And Its Effect On Our Society1001 Words   |  5 Pagesgeneration to generation, our society undergoes change. Things that would be considered abnormal or strange in the past are most likely now accepted or praised, at the very least tolerated. One thing that should never be tolerated however, is rudeness. Civility is in a decline in our nation and the evidence is all around us. In fact, 79% of Americans feel rudeness has reached epidemic proportions and is now a serious national problem. (Public Agenda) Rudeness is everywhere. It’s in our schools, workforceRead MoreRacism s Impact O n Our Society1625 Words   |  7 PagesRacism’s Impact on Our Society In Kiese Laymon’s â€Å"My Vassar College Faculty ID Makes Everything OK†, he cites many examples of pieces of racism that he witnessed in Poughkeepsie, New York, a small town in New York on the Hudson River. This town is the last place where the stereotypes suggest racism lives, a wealthy small town in the northeast United States. Kiese Laymon looks at the experiences of black and brown people in America to highlight the effects of racism in their everyday lives. WhileRead MoreRacism in Our Society Essay examples1068 Words   |  5 PagesRacism in Our Society Race relations are becoming increasingly important in our civilization. Despite this increasing importance, the question, Is our society racist? is commonly debated. After investigating this subject, it is evident to me that American society is racist. There are various definitions of both racism and society. It is important to clearly define these terms when addressing such a controversial and emotional issue. Racism is defined by Merriam-Webster as a beliefRead MoreRacism Is A Major Part Of Our Society1245 Words   |  5 PagesSociety has a huge impact on how we live our lives everyday. It shapes the way our world works and functions. There are many components that make it work like it does. Some are good and some are bad but either way they each are big influences on the way we live. Racism is a major part of our time. Even though it has died down, and slavery has been abolished it is just as big and important as ever. Racism is an actual thing that happens to shape our society. Some things are not specific actions, butRead MoreRacism Is Still A Prominent Part Of Our Society1070 Words   |  5 Pagesrights and equality, but racism is still a prominent part of our society. b. In Clint Smith’s â€Å"How to raise a black son in America† and VernÄ  Myers â€Å"How to overcome our biases? Walk boldly toward them† they discuss very bravely and boldly the problems African Americans face in our society. c. Thesis statement: African American people have been oppressed and treated poorly as individuals due to the color of their skin, but through understanding and education we can eliminate racism. II. Body ParagraphRead MoreThe Concept of Racism and Abuse of Power in Our Society Essay3148 Words   |  13 PagesPaper Introduction This paper will use the movie Crash (Haggis,  2005)  to examine the concept of racism and abuse of power in our society. Haggis demonstrates how everyone’s lives are intertwined and how the powerfully destructive impact of racist views impede ones ability to function justly. Madeline Leningers theory on transcultural nursing along with the RNAO guidelines and an article called Racism and Its Implications in Ethical-Moral Reasoning in Nursing Practice: A tentative approach to a largelyRead MoreRacism At The United States926 Words   |  4 Pagesjudgmental towards each other based on the complexion of another person’s skin. It is now 2015, and racism is still a big factor in our country. So, why does racism still exist after all these year? Racism will always be the thorn in our sides that keeps our country from truly accepting our differences and our opinions or lifestyles. African Americans are the most targeted racial group when it comes to racism in America beca use defiance and hatred for black people is an essential part of Euro/AmericanizedRead MoreRacism : An Integrated Part Of Modern Society1200 Words   |  5 PagesRacism is a belief that one race is superior to the other or the practice of treating a person or group of people differently on the basis of their race. Racism has been an integrated part of ancient world and is still vastly present in modern society. The ideas of racism are embedded into society, without fault it is part of our national character. Country’s deny their racism; however, views of racism are ingrained into every society. Racism is still largely prevalent in society. There is a constantRead MoreRacism in the Twenty-First Century888 Words   |  4 PagesRacism in the 21st Century As the 2008 presidential election proceeded to break racial barriers in America, many people have come to believe that racism in America no longer exists since we now have a Black president. However, This could not be anything further from the truth. When many people think of racism, they think of blunt discriminatory actions made against people of color. Thoughts of segregation and the Ku Klux Klan probably come to mind when people envision what racism may look like.Read MoreThe Red Summer Of 19191038 Words   |  5 Pageskilled than the amount of people being killed in the Chicago race riots. Fighting was happening all over our country. We were killing one another because of the hatred towards racism. â€Å"The Red Summer of 1919 refers to a series of race riots that took place between May and October of that year. Although riots occurred in more than thirty cities throughout the United States, the bloodiest events were in Chicago, Washington D.C. and Elaine, Ark.† (Retrei ved from the About Education website : http://afroamhistory

Health Molecular Biology Techniques

Question: Discuss about theHealthfor Molecular Biology Techniques. Answer: Introduction The use of molecular biology techniques has been widely adopted since the inception of DNA technology. Therefore scientists have been using various methods employing the DNA and the genes to provide solutions to the pharmaceutical industry and healthcare needs. The peptide nucleic acid method is preferred because it is less time consuming than the oligonucleotide techniques. However, the peptide nucleic acid method requires the use of laboratory reagents that are very expensive. Some factors which affect the success of in situ hybridization are the temperatures used, the length of time taken and the concentration of the reagents. This paper explores a research carried out to make an in situ hybridization protocol and make a comparison between the oligonucleotide probes and use of peptide nucleic acid probes methods. Optimizing the Temperatures Under normal circumstances, the in situ hybridization is good when carried out at room temperatures. In this article, various temperatures such as 37, 55 and 65? were explored. At the 37, the slides containing the tissues stained well indicating brown signals which were more than the experiment carried out at room temperature. At 55 ? the signals were more than the 37 ?but the background was not clear, while at 65 ?, stained poorly and the brown signal was not clear enough while the background was poor. The variations I the clarity of the brown signal and the background indicate that the temperatures in oligonucleotide hybridization could be optimized. Therefore it was suggested that the optimal temperatures were between 37 and 55 ? and hence the average of the range was taken as 45 ?. Incubation Time for Proteinase K The proteinase K is used for maintaining the morphology of cells and aids in the tissue digestion so that the access by the hybridization probes as well as the linker antibodies can be achieved. Under standard conditions, the incubation period for proteinase K should be thirty minutes at room temperature. In this case, the ten, fifteen and twenty minutes incubation periods were investigated. Both time ranges were able to produce brow signals but at different intensities. The twenty minutes incubation produced a browner signal than the fifteen minutes which in turn had a stronger brown signal than the ten minutes incubation. However, the thirty minutes period had the strongest brown signal but above thirty minutes can be time-consuming and cause the rapture of the cells being investigated. Optimized Temperatures at Different Periods Time The time allowed for the whole process of in situ hybridization is very crucial. This because there is an existing evidence that specific binding actually requires more time than a nonspecific binding of the reactant in order to attain a state of equilibrium. This would then mean that a longer period of hybridization is mostly preferred. However, the hybridization time mostly depends on several factors such as the methods of detection, accessibility of the DNA by the probes, the length of the probe as well as the rate of the diffusion of the coefficients. The standard in situ hybridization protocols requires a hybridization period of two hours at room temperature. In this article, one hour and two hours were investigated but at different temperature intervals of room temperature, 37, 45 and 55 ?. At a period of one hour at room temperature and 37, the signals were very weak. However, at 45 and 55, the signals were strong as compared to the room temperatures and 37 for the same period of time. This means that it is possible to get positive in situ hybridization at low time intervals. When the time was increased to two hours, the intensity of the signal was higher as compared to the one-hour time frame. However in this case, at 45 ?, more intense brown signals and background was observed as compared to the room temperature, 37 and 55 ?. This is logical because in the temperature optimization, a temperature range of 37 to 55 ? had been considered and an average of 45 ? had been arrived at. The investigator performed the in situ hybridization for different lengths of time such as half an hour, one hour, one and a half hours and two hours to find out whether the time could be reduced. It was found out that for half an hour at 45 ? and for one and a half hours at 55 ?, similar in situ hybridization results as in the two hours at 45 were obtained. It was noted that for half an hour at 45 or 55 ?, the hybridization time was reduced with a production of strong brown signals. Thus when the time period is reduced, the temperatures can be increased so as to get strong signa ls in oligonucleotide in situ hybridization. Use of Water In standard methods, the diethylprocarbonate solution is used as an alkylating agent to inactivate any proteins which could be present in the reactants. In this case, tap water and distilled water were tested. The tap water indicated a weak signal and a lot of background staining while the distilled water showed a strong signal with a little background staining. This means that even distilled water can be used in place of diethylpyrocarbonate during oligonucleotide in situ hybridization. The Concentration Incubation Period of Stringent Wash Buffer The stringent wash buffer is used to prevent the possibility of nonspecific binding of the oligonucleotide probes. The standard concentration is 2** for thirty minutes. In this optimization, a concentration of 4** was used for varied periods of time which were, ten, fifteen twenty and thirty minutes. The incubation period of ten minutes gave bad results while the fifteen, twenty and thirty minutes gave similar results with a lot of background staining. Therefore a high concentration leads to background staining while a short period causes nonspecific staining. This means that a 2** concentration for thirty minutes is still the preferred condition. Peptide Nucleic Acid Probes The use of peptide nucleic acid probes is preferred because they are modified probes which mimic the DNA. Their modification enhances the binding capacity as opposed to the oligonucleotide. Several tissues such as the thymus, liver and bone tissues investigated to determine the binding capacities of the two probes. In the liver tissue, both probes had a good staining although the peptide nucleic acid probe had a cleaner staining. In the bone tissue, the oligonucleotide probe had a negative result while the peptide nucleic acid probe had a positive staining. The thymus tissue had a positive staining when both probes were used although the peptide nucleic acid had a stronger staining making the microscopic examination hard. It was concluded that the peptide nucleic acid Peptide nucleic acid probe is more preferable because of its intense staining properties as well as the short time taken. However, with the optimization of the in situ protocols, the oligonucleotide probe can be used to achieve the same efficiency as the peptide nucleic acid probes. Conclusion The optimization reports that incubation period is efficient when reduced from two hours to thirty minutes. The distilled water can be used instead of the diethylprocarbonate solution. The temperature ranges were found to be between 37 and 55 ? while the oligonucleotide probes can be used due with the optimized conditions.

Why is soccer not popular in the United States an Example by

Why is soccer not popular in the United States? Hypothesis Soccers popularity in the United States has been overshadowed by the emergence of another sport. This led to a shift in the followers and supporters of the sport, thus resulting to the late bloom of the countrys professional soccer league. Since the United States focus on sports which has a high following, soccer has not been given enough attention. It could have also be rooted with the Americans outlook and way of life, that hindered the flourishing of a sport such as soccer, thus making the country lag down in this aspect as compared to other countries. Need essay sample on "Why is soccer not popular in the United States?" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Introduction When David Beckham, former captain of Englands soccer squad and one of the most successful soccer superstars, decided to sign a five-year multimillion dollar contract to the Los Angeles Galaxy, the United States professional soccer league was given the spotlight (Hylands). Many people were really surprised not only by Beckhams transfer but also with the fact that the United States has a professional soccer league, the Major League Soccer. This could be explained by peoples unfamiliarity with the sport, wherein it doesnt have much following as compared to other major league sports like basketball and baseball. Aside from Beckham choosing to play for US, anyone could see the great difference with the other countries when it comes to soccer. Soccer has a huge following worldwide but a rather small following in the United States. For a nation that is proud of having the best athletes in virtually every professional sport, the United States considerably has fewer concerns when it comes to soccer. What could have affected the country, if not, the majority of Americans to develop small interest in this ballgame? Human condition and psychology. Looking at the psychologists point of view, US soccer world could be suffering from the effects of a socio-economic difference between Americans and other people from the world. Taking into consideration the fast-paced lifestyle, Americans would rather prefer an intense high scoring basketball game in the NBA rather than a slow, low-scoring match in the countrys major league soccer. An interview with a sports analyst showed that a lot of Americans prefer watching baseball and basketball because of its fast paced game type. Unlike pro soccer games, those sports have higher scoring rates. This could be a reason why Americans are not that enthusiastic with soccer. Majority of people would watch games that have a lot of followers. It is like a bandwagon, where people appreciate what others appreciate. They wouldnt venture on sports which is not known mainstream, in this case, major league soccer (Millward). Between soccer and other sports: looking back to history. Analyzing the roots of the sport, it was introduced to the US in the mid 1800s. It was the Oneida Football club of Boston Massachusetts to first play association football outside Britain, meaning, the US comparably had an early start as compare to other countries today who has a great soccer following. But this doesnt support the idea about soccer not getting enough support form American sports enthusiasts and fanatics. Thus the research delves into the realm of other sports and its effect on soccer. Looking at another perspective, there are other sports which are somewhat similar with soccer. Rugby is a good example. It is a contact sport composed of two teams which aims to outscore each other by bringing a ball in the goal at the opposite end. With comprehensive research, information about rugby was obtained and it was found out that the basic principles of soccer plus an extremely physical contact between players has been boiled down and converted to rugby. A sports historian said during an interview about how soccer was reformatted to suit the American players, hence led to the creation of the Boston Game. In this game, players were allowed to kick the ball and pick it up, as well as running around with it. Analyzing the concept, this is the basic principles of one of Americas favorite game, the American Football (Thakkar). The emergence of American Football. From the basic principles of soccer, with modifications and alterations to fit the American way of life, the United States sports community was able to create the American football. Research showed that this sport gained a lot of following in the country, just like basketball and baseball. It drew attention away from soccer, the sport where it was patterned. This was the primary reason that diverted peoples attention towards other sports (Anderson). Conclusion Tom Weir, a Scottish author and broadcaster once said, The rest of the world loves soccer. Surely we must be missing something. Uh, isn't that what the Russians told us about communism? There's a good reason why you don't care about soccer - it's because you are an American and hating soccer is more American than mom's apple pie, driving a pick-up and spending Saturday afternoon channel-surfing with the remote control ("Quotations About Soccer"). The implication of this statement is that it has been a way of life of the Americans why they dont give much importance to soccer as a major sport in the country. This is how they look at the sport, and it is their choice, not anyone elses. References: Anderson, Shelly. "Beckham Won't Boost U.S. Soccer". 2007. February 2 2007. . Hylands, Alan. "David Beckham Signs for La Galaxy". 2007. February 1, 2007 2007. . Millward, Robert. "Soccer in America No Beckham". 2007. February 2 2007. . "Quotations About Soccer". February 2 2007. . Thakkar, Natasha. "David Beckham: Good for U.S. Soccer? Yes." 2007. February 2 2007. .